HEIC — High Efficiency Image Container
HEIC is what an iPhone produces by default from iOS 11 onwards. It wraps HEVC-compressed image data in a container that can also carry depth maps, Live Photo frames and edit history. At comparable quality it lands at roughly half the size of a JPEG, which is excellent right up until you try to open it on Windows, on Android, or in an upload form that has never heard of it.
JPG — Joint Photographic Experts Group
JPEG has been the default photo format for more than thirty years, and that longevity is the entire point: there is no device, browser, printer or application that cannot open one. It discards detail your eye is unlikely to miss, which keeps files small — but it repeats that loss every single time you re-save.
PNG — Portable Network Graphics
PNG is lossless: what goes in comes back out pixel for pixel, no matter how many times you re-save it. Add a full alpha channel and you have the natural home for logos, screenshots, diagrams and anything with hard edges or text. The cost is weight — a photograph stored as PNG can be five times heavier than the same photo as JPG.
WebP
WebP is Google's attempt to replace both JPEG and PNG with a single format. It handles lossy and lossless, keeps transparency and animation, and typically comes in 25–35% smaller than an equivalent JPEG. Every browser released in the past several years supports it, which is why so much of the web now serves it.
AVIF — AV1 Image File Format
AVIF is the newest format here, built on the AV1 video codec. It beats WebP by another 20–30% on size, handles HDR and wide colour gamut, and supports transparency and animation. Encoding is slow and desktop support is still patchy, but for images delivered over the web it is the most efficient option browsers actually understand.
GIF — Graphics Interchange Format
GIF is older than the web itself and survives on two things: animation and support that is genuinely universal. Its fatal limitation is colour — a maximum of 256 shades per frame, which turns photographs into a dithered, banded mess. For animation it has been comprehensively beaten by video and by animated WebP, but nothing else drops into a chat window quite so reliably.
BMP — Windows Bitmap
BMP stores pixels essentially raw, with little or no compression at all. That makes it trivially simple for software to read and absurdly large to keep around: a photo that would be 2 MB as JPG can comfortably run past 20 MB as BMP. It survives mostly inside Windows software, scanner drivers and older industrial tools.
ICO — Windows Icon
ICO is a container for icons rather than a general image format. A single .ico can hold the same icon at several sizes so Windows can pick whichever one it needs, and modern files often just wrap PNG data inside. Browsers still accept it for favicons, but nothing else treats it as a normal picture.